Marching Powder

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Boswell HD, Dräger B, McLauchlan WR, Portsteffen A, Robins DJ, Robins RJ, Walton NJ (November 1999). "Specificities of the enzymes of N-alkyltropane biosynthesis in Brugmansia and Datura". Phytochemistry. 52 (5): 871–8. Bibcode: 1999PChem..52..871B. doi: 10.1016/S0031-9422(99)00293-9. PMID 10626376. Spillane JF, ed. (2000). Cocaine: From Medical Marvel to Modern Menace in the United States, 1884–1920. Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-6230-4. Coast Guard hunts drug-running semi-subs". CNN. 20 March 2008. Archived from the original on 21 March 2008 . Retrieved 20 March 2008. In 2004, according to the United Nations, 589 tonnes of cocaine were seized globally by law enforcement authorities. Colombia seized 188t, the United States 166t, Europe 79t, Peru 14t, Bolivia 9t, and the rest of the world 133 t. [203] Production

Jeevan Vasagar: cocaine-based "wonder drug" tested on concentration camp inmates". Amphetamines.com. 19 November 2002. Archived from the original on 27 February 2011 . Retrieved 15 January 2011. Indigenous peoples of South America have chewed the leaves of Erythroxylon coca — a plant that contains vital nutrients as well as numerous alkaloids, including cocaine — for over a thousand years. [158] The coca leaf was, and still is, chewed almost universally by some indigenous communities. The remains of coca leaves have been found with ancient Peruvian mummies, and pottery from the time period depicts humans with bulged cheeks, indicating the presence of something on which they are chewing. [159] There is also evidence that these cultures used a mixture of coca leaves and saliva as an anesthetic for the performance of trepanation. [160] Cocaine effects, further, are shown to be potentiated for the user when used in conjunction with new surroundings and stimuli, and otherwise novel environs. [118] Chemistry Appearance A pile of cocaine hydrochloride A piece of compressed cocaine powder

Karch SB (2009). Karch's pathology of drug abuse (4ed.). Boca Raton: CRC Press. p.70. ISBN 978-0-8493-7881-2. Archived from the original on 10 September 2017. Hamdan AL, Sataloff RT, Hawkshaw MJ (2022). "Topical Anesthesia in Office-Based Laryngeal Surgery". Office-Based Laryngeal Surgery. USA: Springer. pp.123–137. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-91936-8_6. ISBN 978-3-030-91935-1. Apple Sanity – Fetish – Blow: War on Drugs VS. Cocaine". Applesanity.com. 17 June 2008. Archived from the original on 17 June 2008 . Retrieved 13 November 2011. Niemann described every step he took to isolate cocaine in his dissertation titled Über eine neue organische Base in den Cocablättern ( On a New Organic Base in the Coca Leaves), which was published in 1860 and earned him his Ph.D. He wrote of the alkaloid's "colourless transparent prisms" and said that "Its solutions have an alkaline reaction, a bitter taste, promote the flow of saliva and leave a peculiar numbness, followed by a sense of cold when applied to the tongue." Niemann named the alkaloid "cocaine" from "coca" (from Quechua "kúka") + suffix "ine". [165] [166] Jeffcoat AR, Perez-Reyes M, Hill JM, Sadler BM, Cook CE (1989). "Cocaine disposition in humans after intravenous injection, nasal insufflation (snorting), or smoking". Drug Metabolism and Disposition. 17 (2): 153–9. PMID 2565204.

Rolled up banknotes, hollowed-out pens, cut straws, pointed ends of keys, specialized spoons, [53] long fingernails, and (clean) tampon applicators are often used to insufflate cocaine. The cocaine typically is poured onto a flat, hard surface (such as a mobile phone screen, mirror, CD case or book) and divided into "bumps", "lines" or "rails", and then insufflated. [54] A 2001 study reported that the sharing of straws used to "snort" cocaine can spread blood diseases such as hepatitis C. [55] Injection

Madge T (2001). White Mischief: A Cultural History of Cocaine. Edinburgh: Mainstream Publishing Company. ISBN 978-1-84018-405-1. Hampton WH, Hanik I, Olson IR (2019). "[Substance Abuse and White Matter: Findings, Limitations, and Future of Diffusion Tensor Imaging Research]". Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 197 (4): 288–298. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.02.005. PMC 6440853. PMID 30875650.

Appendix B: Production of Cocaine Hydrochloride and Cocaine Base". US Justice Dep. Archived from the original on 30 November 2009.Opioids (e.g., dextropropoxyphene, methadone, pethidine (meperidine), levorphanol, tapentadol, tramadol)